2.1 What is soil?

Although all land is covered by soil and we can see soil everywhere on the planet, there was no soil on the planet before living things appeared. There were only rocks (minerals) and water. After living things (plants) appeared, soil started to be made.

How was soil made? When the organic matter from plants and animals is mixed with the powder of rocks (minerals), biological (micro-organisms) activities and chemical action are started in the mixed matter (minerals, organic matter, water, air, etc.) and humus is formed through the activity of micro-organisms. This is called soil. The simple definition of the soil is the mixed matter of minerals, humus, water, and air.

Soil has formed through the nutrient cycle and accumulated on the surface of the planet for hundreds of million of years. This surface soil is called top soil, there is no agricultural practice.